Minas Tirith
Also calledMinas Anor, The Tower of Guard, The Tower of the Sun, The White City, Mundburg, The City of the Kings
Minas Tirith, the Tower of Guard, was the capital of Gondor in the later Third Age, a city of seven walled circles climbing the Hill of Guard against Mount Mindolluin. Founded as Minas Anor by Anárion, it was besieged by the armies of Mordor in March 3019 and delivered in the Battle of the Pelennor Fields.
Description
The seven levels
The city was built on the Hill of Guard, an outthrust knee of Mount Mindolluin at the eastern end of the White Mountains, rising some seven hundred feet above the plain of the Pelennor Fields. Seven concentric walls climbed the hill, each higher than the last, so that the city rose in tiers like a ship's stern. The outermost wall, the Othram, was of the same black, impregnable stone as Orthanc, and in it opened the Great Gate, facing east towards Osgiliath and Mordor. The gates of the successive circles were set alternately to left and right, so that the way to the summit wound back and forth across the face of the hill, and each gate could be defended from the wall above.
A great spur of rock, shaped like the keel of a ship, ran up through the centre of the city from the second level to the seventh, its eastern face rising sheer above the Gate. Through it a tunnel had been cut on each level so that the road passed under the keel. At its summit, level with the topmost wall, was a bastion from which the whole Pelennor, the Anduin and the mountains of Mordor could be seen.
The Citadel
The seventh circle was the Citadel, the High City, entered through a gate in the keel guarded by soldiers in the black and silver of the Tower, who wore winged helms and served the Steward alone. Within lay the Court of the Fountain, where the White Tree stood beside a pool; in the last years of the Stewards it stood dead, its branches white and bare, and the Guards of the Citadel kept watch over it still. Behind rose the White Tower of Ecthelion, three hundred feet from base to pinnacle, so that its summit stood a thousand feet above the plain, gleaming white with a banner of the Stewards flying from its top. Inside the Tower was the great hall of the Kings, its pillars of black marble, its walls lined with statues of dead kings, with the empty throne on a dais at the far end and, at the foot of the steps, the plain black chair of the Steward. The Tower also held the palantír of Minas Anor, used by the last Stewards to their cost. Beside the Tower stood the Steward's house, and the feast-hall of Merethrond.
The Houses of Healing
On the sixth level, near the southern wall, lay the Houses of Healing, a fair house with a garden looking out to the east, where the sick and wounded of Gondor were tended by the healers of the city under a Warden, and where old lore was kept, including the memory of the healing herb athelas. Faramir, Éowyn and Merry were brought here after the battle of the Pelennor, and it was here that Aragorn's healing of them showed the city that the King had come.
Rath Dínen
Also from the sixth level a closed door, Fen Hollen, opened on a road that wound down along the mountain's flank to Rath Dínen, the Silent Street, in the Hallows between the city and the mountain, where the kings and stewards lay in stone houses of the dead. Only the Steward's servants and the guards of the tombs used the road. The House of the Stewards on that street was destroyed by fire in Denethor's death.
The lower city
The lower circles held the houses, workshops, inns and barracks of the people. By the end of the Third Age the city was half empty; many of its fine houses stood vacant, and fewer children were born each year. The streets were paved and lamps burned in them by night, and the Great Gate's iron doors were the strongest in the West until Grond broke them.
History
Minas Anor
Anárion built the city in S.A. 3320 as Minas Anor, the Tower of the Setting Sun, the western counterpart of his brother's Minas Ithil across the Anduin, and it was his seat while Osgiliath was the joint capital. After Anárion's death at the siege of Barad-dûr Isildur planted a seedling of the White Tree there in his memory. King Ostoher rebuilt and enlarged the city in T.A. 420, and thereafter the kings used it as a summer residence.
Capital of Gondor
After the Great Plague of 1636 killed the King and emptied Osgiliath, Tarondor moved the King's House permanently to Minas Anor in 1640 and planted a new seedling of the Tree in the Court of the Fountain. When the Nazgûl took Minas Ithil in 2002 and made it Minas Morgul, Minas Anor was renamed Minas Tirith, the Tower of Guard, and from then on it stood watch against the ruined city across the river. Eärnur rode from its gate to his death in 2050, and the Stewards ruled from it thereafter. Ecthelion I rebuilt the White Tower in 2698, and it bore his name. The Tree died in 2852 and was left standing dead in the Court because no seedling could be found.
The siege
In the War of the Ring Denethor II prepared the city for assault and sent to Rohan for aid. Gandalf and Pippin arrived on March 9, 3019, and Pippin entered the Steward's service. On March 13 the armies of Mordor, having crossed Anduin, poured over the Pelennor; Faramir was borne in wounded from the retreat, and the enemy encamped before the walls. Siege-engines flung fire and the heads of the fallen into the city, and the first circle burned. Denethor, despairing after looking in the palantír, carried Faramir to Rath Dínen to burn with him; Pippin fetched Gandalf, who saved Faramir, but Denethor died in the flames with the palantír in his hands.
At dawn on March 15 the Witch-king brought up the ram Grond and broke the Great Gate with spells and strength; he rode in under the arch and found Gandalf alone before him. At that moment the horns of Rohan sounded from the north and the Rohirrim broke on the besiegers' flank. The Battle of the Pelennor Fields was fought all day, and the city was saved by the Riders, by Éowyn's killing of the Witch-king, and by the arrival of Aragorn with the fleet from Pelargir. That night Aragorn came into the city unannounced and healed Faramir, Éowyn and Merry in the Houses of Healing.
The King returns
On May 1, 3019 Aragorn was crowned before the ruined Gate by Gandalf, with Faramir bringing the crown from Rath Dínen, and entered the city as King Elessar. He confirmed Faramir as Steward and made him Prince of Ithilien, found a living seedling of the Tree on Mindolluin with Gandalf and planted it in the Court, and at midsummer wedded Arwen in the city. Gimli's Dwarves of Aglarond later replaced the broken Gate with doors of mithril and steel, and the city was rebuilt and made more beautiful than before. In Fo.A. 120 Elessar lay down to die in the House of the Kings in Rath Dínen, and Eldarion took up the crown.
Geography
Minas Tirith stood on the eastern end of the White Mountains, some fifteen miles west of Osgiliath and the Anduin, at the western edge of the Pelennor Fields enclosed by the Rammas Echor. The Great West Road ran from its gate to Rohan; the road to Osgiliath and the Causeway Forts ran east; roads to Lossarnach and the southern fiefs ran south and west. Mindolluin rose behind it, the Hallows lay in the angle between city and mountain, and the beacon of Amon Dîn was the first of the chain that reached to Rohan.
Associated figures
Ruled
Chieftain of the Dúnedain of the North
Aragorn II
Dúnedain of the NorthAragorn II, son of Arathorn, was the last Chieftain of the Dúnedain of the North and the first King of the Reunited Kingdom of Gondor and Arnor. Fostered in Rivendell as Estel, he spent sixty years as a Ranger and a captain in foreign lands before the War of the Ring, in which he guided the Fellowship, walked the Paths of the Dead, won the Pelennor Fields and the Black Gate, and took the crown as King Elessar. He reigned for a hundred and twenty years with Arwen as his queen.
Arnor and GondorRuling Steward of Gondor
Denethor II
Men of GondorDenethor II was the last Ruling Steward of Gondor, a proud, far-seeing and formidable lord who governed Minas Tirith through the years of Sauron's return and the siege of the War of the Ring. Worn down by his secret use of the palantír and by the death of Boromir, he despaired at the height of the siege and burned himself alive in the tombs of his fathers.
GondorPrince of Dol Amroth
Imrahil
Men of GondorImrahil, Prince of Dol Amroth, was the greatest of the lords of Gondor's fiefs in the War of the Ring and the uncle of Boromir and Faramir. He brought his knights to Minas Tirith, fought on the Pelennor Fields, ruled the city between Denethor's death and Faramir's recovery, and marched with Aragorn to the Black Gate.
GondorKing of the Reunited Kingdom
Eldarion
Dúnedain of the NorthEldarion was the only son of Aragorn Elessar and Arwen Undómiel, and succeeded his father as King of the Reunited Kingdom in Fo.A. 120. Through him the blood of Elrond's line entered the kingship of Men.
Gondor and Arnor
Died in
Chieftain of the Dúnedain of the North
Aragorn II
Dúnedain of the NorthAragorn II, son of Arathorn, was the last Chieftain of the Dúnedain of the North and the first King of the Reunited Kingdom of Gondor and Arnor. Fostered in Rivendell as Estel, he spent sixty years as a Ranger and a captain in foreign lands before the War of the Ring, in which he guided the Fellowship, walked the Paths of the Dead, won the Pelennor Fields and the Black Gate, and took the crown as King Elessar. He reigned for a hundred and twenty years with Arwen as his queen.
Arnor and GondorRuling Steward of Gondor
Denethor II
Men of GondorDenethor II was the last Ruling Steward of Gondor, a proud, far-seeing and formidable lord who governed Minas Tirith through the years of Sauron's return and the siege of the War of the Ring. Worn down by his secret use of the palantír and by the death of Boromir, he despaired at the height of the siege and burned himself alive in the tombs of his fathers.
GondorMaster of Buckland
Meriadoc Brandybuck
HobbitsMeriadoc Brandybuck, heir of Buckland and organiser of the conspiracy that brought Frodo's friends on the quest, became esquire to King Théoden and helped Éowyn destroy the Witch-king on the Pelennor. He later led the hobbits at Bywater, ruled Buckland as Master, and wrote the Shire's first books of lore.
Buckland
Buried in
Chieftain of the Dúnedain of the North
Aragorn II
Dúnedain of the NorthAragorn II, son of Arathorn, was the last Chieftain of the Dúnedain of the North and the first King of the Reunited Kingdom of Gondor and Arnor. Fostered in Rivendell as Estel, he spent sixty years as a Ranger and a captain in foreign lands before the War of the Ring, in which he guided the Fellowship, walked the Paths of the Dead, won the Pelennor Fields and the Black Gate, and took the crown as King Elessar. He reigned for a hundred and twenty years with Arwen as his queen.
Arnor and Gondor
Dwelt in
Queen of Gondor and Arnor
Arwen
Half-elvenArwen Undómiel, daughter of Elrond and Celebrían, was called the Evenstar of her people because in her the beauty of Lúthien was said to have returned to the world. She loved Aragorn, chose a mortal life to share his, and became Queen of the Reunited Kingdom; after his death she went alone to Lórien and died on Cerin Amroth, where their troth had been plighted.
Rivendell and Lothlórien; afterwards GondorCaptain of the White Tower
Boromir
Men of GondorBoromir, elder son of Denethor II and Captain-General of Gondor, was the man of the Fellowship of the Ring. Proud, valiant and devoted to his city, he tried to take the Ring from Frodo at Amon Hen and then died defending Merry and Pippin against Saruman's Orcs, redeeming his fall with his last breath.
GondorLord of Minas Anor
Anárion
NúmenóreansAnárion, younger son of Elendil, escaped the Downfall of Númenor with his brother Isildur and founded with him the realm of Gondor, building Minas Anor. He held Osgiliath against Sauron's first assault and was killed by a stone from Barad-dûr in the seventh year of the siege. Through his son Meneldil the Kings of Gondor descended.
GondorRuling Steward of Gondor
Cirion
Men of GondorCirion, twelfth Ruling Steward of Gondor, faced the Balchoth invasion of 2510 and summoned the Éothéod to his aid. After Eorl's riders saved Gondor on the Field of Celebrant, Cirion gave them the province of Calenardhon and swore with Eorl the oath that bound Gondor and Rohan together for the rest of the age.
GondorKing of Gondor
Eärnil II
Men of GondorEärnil II was the general who saved Gondor from the Wainriders at the Battle of the Camp in 1944 and was chosen king over Arvedui of Arthedain the following year. He sent his son Eärnur north to destroy Angmar, and was the second-to-last king of Gondor.
GondorKing of Gondor
Eärnur
Men of GondorEärnur, son of Eärnil II, was the thirty-third and last King of Gondor. As a young captain he led the fleet that destroyed Angmar at the Battle of Fornost in 1975; as king he accepted the Witch-king's challenge to single combat in 2050, rode to Minas Morgul, and was never seen again.
GondorSteward of Gondor
Mardil Voronwë
Men of GondorMardil Voronwë, Steward to the last two kings of Gondor, took up the rule of the realm when Eärnur vanished into Minas Morgul in 2050. He was the first of the Ruling Stewards, whose house governed Gondor in the king's name for nearly a thousand years until the return of Aragorn.
GondorThain of the Shire
Peregrin Took
HobbitsPeregrin Took, youngest of the Fellowship, was the heir of the Thain whose curiosity drew Sauron's eye through the palantír and whose loyalty saved Faramir from the pyre. He fought at the Black Gate, roused the Tookland against the ruffians, and ruled the Shire as its thirty-second Thain.
The ShireGuard of the Citadel, Third Company
Beregond
Men of GondorBeregond, a Guard of the Citadel of Minas Tirith, befriended Pippin during the siege and left his post to save Faramir from Denethor's pyre, killing the porter of the tombs to do it. Judged by Aragorn, he was removed from the Guard and made Captain of the White Company, the guard of the Prince of Ithilien.
GondorRuling Steward of Gondor
Ecthelion II
Men of GondorEcthelion II, father of Denethor, was the wise and generous twenty-fifth Ruling Steward of Gondor, who strengthened the realm against the growing shadow and took many able men into his service. The most famous of them was Thorongil, the stranger from the North who was Aragorn in disguise.
Gondor
Born in
Captain of the White Tower
Boromir
Men of GondorBoromir, elder son of Denethor II and Captain-General of Gondor, was the man of the Fellowship of the Ring. Proud, valiant and devoted to his city, he tried to take the Ring from Frodo at Amon Hen and then died defending Merry and Pippin against Saruman's Orcs, redeeming his fall with his last breath.
GondorRuling Steward of Gondor
Denethor II
Men of GondorDenethor II was the last Ruling Steward of Gondor, a proud, far-seeing and formidable lord who governed Minas Tirith through the years of Sauron's return and the siege of the War of the Ring. Worn down by his secret use of the palantír and by the death of Boromir, he despaired at the height of the siege and burned himself alive in the tombs of his fathers.
GondorCaptain of the Rangers of Ithilien
Faramir
Men of GondorFaramir, younger son of Denethor II, was Captain of the Rangers of Ithilien, the man who let Frodo and the Ring go on into Mordor when he could have taken them, and the last Ruling Steward of Gondor. Healed by Aragorn after his father's despair, he married Éowyn of Rohan and became Prince of Ithilien under the restored king.
GondorKing of the Reunited Kingdom
Eldarion
Dúnedain of the NorthEldarion was the only son of Aragorn Elessar and Arwen Undómiel, and succeeded his father as King of the Reunited Kingdom in Fo.A. 120. Through him the blood of Elrond's line entered the kingship of Men.
Gondor and Arnor
Visited
Lord of Rivendell
Elrond
Half-elvenElrond Half-elven, son of Eärendil and Elwing, chose the fate of the Elves and lived through three Ages of the world: fostered by Maglor, herald to Gil-galad at the Last Alliance, founder and master of Rivendell, keeper of the Ring Vilya, foster-father of Aragorn and father of Arwen. His house was the great refuge and library of the North, and at its Council the fate of the One Ring was decided.
Rivendell (Imladris)Third Marshal of the Riddermark
Éomer
RohirrimÉomer son of Éomund, nephew and foster-son of Théoden, was Third Marshal of the Mark when he met Aragorn on the plains of Rohan and lent him horses against the king's orders. He fought at the Hornburg and the Pelennor, took the kingship when Théoden fell, and reigned for sixty-five years as the eighteenth King of Rohan, the friend of King Elessar and the renewer of the Oath of Eorl.
RohanLady of Rohan
Éowyn
RohirrimÉowyn, sister of Éomer and foster-daughter of King Théoden, rode to the Pelennor Fields in disguise as the Rider Dernhelm and there, with Merry's help, slew the Witch-king of Angmar whom no man could kill. Healed of the Black Breath by Aragorn, she found in the Houses of Healing a love for Faramir that turned her from despair, and became Lady of Ithilien.
RohanRing-bearer
Frodo Baggins
HobbitsFrodo Baggins, Bilbo's heir, was the Ring-bearer who carried the One Ring from the Shire to the fire of Mount Doom. Wounded in body and spirit by the journey, he saved the Shire but could not enjoy it, and sailed into the West with the last of the Elves.
The ShireLady of Lothlórien
Galadriel
NoldorGaladriel, only daughter of Finarfin and the greatest of the Noldor after Fëanor, left Valinor in the rebellion, learned wisdom from Melian in Doriath, and outlived every other leader of the Exiles by three Ages. Bearer of Nenya, founder with Celeborn of the realm of Lórien, and a member of the White Council, she refused the One Ring when Frodo offered it, threw down Dol Guldur, and at last sailed West with the Ring-bearers.
LothlórienLord of the Glittering Caves
Gimli
LongbeardsGimli son of Glóin was the Dwarf of the Fellowship of the Ring. He walked from Rivendell to the Black Gate through Moria, Lothlórien, Helm's Deep and the Paths of the Dead, became the devoted friend of the Elf Legolas and of the Lady Galadriel, and after the war founded a Dwarf-colony in the Glittering Caves. Tradition says he sailed West with Legolas, the only Dwarf ever to do so.
Erebor; later the Glittering Caves of AglarondPrince of the Woodland Realm
Legolas
Silvan ElvesLegolas, son of Thranduil of the Woodland Realm, was the Elf of the Fellowship of the Ring. A peerless archer and tracker, he walked from Rivendell to the Black Gate beside Aragorn and Gimli, forged the first true friendship between Elf and Dwarf in an age, and after the death of the King Elessar built a ship and sailed into the West with his Dwarven friend.
The Woodland Realm, later IthilienRing-bearer
Samwise Gamgee
HobbitsSamwise Gamgee, Frodo's gardener, was the companion who carried the Ring-bearer to Mount Doom and briefly bore the Ring himself. He restored the Shire after the Scouring, was seven times Mayor, and at the last, as the final Ring-bearer, sailed into the West.
The ShireKing of the Mark
Théoden
RohirrimThéoden son of Thengel was the seventeenth King of Rohan, the king whom Gríma Wormtongue and Saruman had made old before his time and whom Gandalf roused to lead his people again. He won the Battle of the Hornburg, mustered the Rohirrim at Dunharrow, and broke the siege of Minas Tirith in the great charge across the Pelennor, where he died beneath his horse after felling the chieftain of the Haradrim.
RohanLord of Lothlórien
Celeborn
SindarCeleborn, a Sindarin prince of Doriath and the husband of Galadriel, outlasted three Ages of Middle-earth as lord of the Galadhrim. He shared the rule of Lothlórien with his wife, led the host that stormed Dol Guldur at the end of the War of the Ring, held East Lórien for a season of the Fourth Age, and at last, when the Golden Wood had emptied, went to Rivendell and thence over the Sea.
Lothlórien
Fought at
Wizard
Gandalf
IstariGandalf, called Olórin in Valinor and Mithrandir by the Elves, was the wisest of the Istari, a Maia sent by the Valar to rouse the free peoples against Sauron. Bearer of Narya, the Ring of Fire, he uncovered the Necromancer, set the quest of Erebor in motion, unmasked the One Ring, led the Fellowship, died against the Balrog of Moria and returned as Gandalf the White to guide the West to victory in the War of the Ring, after which he sailed into the West.
None; a wanderer through the West of Middle-earthKing of Angmar
The Witch-king of Angmar
NazgûlThe Witch-king was the greatest of the Nine Ringwraiths, a king and sorcerer of the Second Age who took one of the Nine Rings and became Sauron's deadliest servant. As King of Angmar he destroyed the North-kingdom of Arnor; as Lord of Minas Morgul he ended the line of Gondor's kings; and as the Black Captain he led the hunt for the Ring and the assault on Minas Tirith, where Éowyn and Merry fulfilled Glorfindel's prophecy and destroyed him.
Angmar; later Minas MorgulLord of the Mearas
Shadowfax
MearasChief of the Mearas, the great horses of Rohan, and the swiftest horse of his day. Taken from Théoden's herds by Gandalf in T.A. 3018 and afterwards given to him outright, he carried the wizard across half of Middle-earth in the War of the Ring, and alone of all beasts stood unmoved before the Witch-king at the broken gate of Minas Tirith.
RohanGuard of the Citadel, Third Company
Beregond
Men of GondorBeregond, a Guard of the Citadel of Minas Tirith, befriended Pippin during the siege and left his post to save Faramir from Denethor's pyre, killing the porter of the tombs to do it. Judged by Aragorn, he was removed from the Guard and made Captain of the White Company, the guard of the Prince of Ithilien.
Gondor
Founded
Lord of Minas Anor
Anárion
NúmenóreansAnárion, younger son of Elendil, escaped the Downfall of Númenor with his brother Isildur and founded with him the realm of Gondor, building Minas Anor. He held Osgiliath against Sauron's first assault and was killed by a stone from Barad-dûr in the seventh year of the siege. Through his son Meneldil the Kings of Gondor descended.
Gondor
Peoples
Timeline
- S.A. 3320
Minas Anor founded
Anárion builds the Tower of the Sun on the Hill of Guard.
- T.A. 2
The White Tree planted
Isildur plants a seedling of Nimloth's line in memory of Anárion.
- T.A. 420
Rebuilt by Ostoher
The city is enlarged and becomes the kings' summer seat.
- T.A. 1640
Becomes the capital
Tarondor moves the King's House from plague-stricken Osgiliath and plants a new Tree.
- T.A. 2002
Renamed Minas Tirith
After Minas Ithil falls to the Nazgûl, Minas Anor becomes the Tower of Guard.
- T.A. 2698
The White Tower rebuilt
Steward Ecthelion I rebuilds the tower of the Citadel.
- T.A. 2852
The White Tree dies
The Tree withers and is left standing in the Court of the Fountain.
- T.A. 3019, May 1
Coronation of Elessar
Aragorn is crowned before the Gate and enters the city as King.
- T.A. 3019, March 15
Denethor's pyre and the Pelennor
Denethor burns in Rath Dínen; the Rohirrim and Aragorn's fleet break the siege.
- T.A. 3019, March 13 to 15
The siege of Minas Tirith
Mordor's host encircles the city; the Gate is broken by Grond at dawn on the 15th.
- T.A. 3019, Midsummer
Wedding of Aragorn and Arwen
The King weds the Evenstar in the city; the new White Tree flowers in the Court.
- Fo.A. 120
Death of Elessar
The King dies in the House of the Kings in Rath Dínen.
Sources
- The Return of the KingBook V, chapters 1, 4, 7 and 8; Book VI, chapters 5 and 6
- The Lord of the Rings: AppendicesAppendix A I (iv); Appendix B
- The SilmarillionOf the Rings of Power and the Third Age
See also
Part of
Elsewhere in Gondor
- Ithilienregion
- Osgiliathruin
- Pelennor Fieldsplain
- Drúadan Forestforest
- Erechplace
- Anfalasregion
- Belfalasregion
- Cair Androsisland
- Lebenninregion